 在 TensorFlow.org 上查看
|
 在 Google Colab 中运行
|
 在 GitHub 上查看
|
 下载笔记本
|
 查看 TF Hub 模型
|
此笔记本是 TF Hub 上提供的 BigBiGAN 模型的演示。
BigBiGAN 通过添加一个 编码器 模块来扩展标准 (Big)GAN，该模块可用于无监督表示学习。粗略地说，编码器通过在给定真实数据 x 的情况下预测潜在变量 z 来反转生成器。有关这些模型的更多信息，请参阅 arXiv 上的 BigBiGAN 论文 [1]。
连接到运行时后，请按照以下说明开始操作
- (可选) 更新下面第一个代码单元格中选择的
module_path，以加载具有不同编码器架构的 BigBiGAN 生成器。 - 单击 运行时 > 运行全部，按顺序运行每个单元格。之后，输出（包括 BigBiGAN 样本和重建的可视化）应该会自动出现在下面。
[1] Jeff Donahue 和 Karen Simonyan。 大规模对抗性表示学习。arxiv:1907.02544，2019 年。
首先，设置模块路径。默认情况下，我们加载具有较小 ResNet-50 基编码器的 BigBiGAN 模型，来自 <a href="https://tfhub.dev/deepmind/bigbigan-resnet50/1">https://tfhub.dev/deepmind/bigbigan-resnet50/1</a>。要加载用于实现最佳表示学习结果的较大 RevNet-50-x4 基模型，请注释掉活动的 module_path 设置并取消注释另一个设置。
module_path = 'https://tfhub.dev/deepmind/bigbigan-resnet50/1' # ResNet-50
# module_path = 'https://tfhub.dev/deepmind/bigbigan-revnet50x4/1' # RevNet-50 x4
设置
import io
import IPython.display
import PIL.Image
from pprint import pformat
import numpy as np
import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
tf.disable_v2_behavior()
import tensorflow_hub as hub
定义一些用于显示图像的函数
def imgrid(imarray, cols=4, pad=1, padval=255, row_major=True):
"""Lays out a [N, H, W, C] image array as a single image grid."""
pad = int(pad)
if pad < 0:
raise ValueError('pad must be non-negative')
cols = int(cols)
assert cols >= 1
N, H, W, C = imarray.shape
rows = N // cols + int(N % cols != 0)
batch_pad = rows * cols - N
assert batch_pad >= 0
post_pad = [batch_pad, pad, pad, 0]
pad_arg = [[0, p] for p in post_pad]
imarray = np.pad(imarray, pad_arg, 'constant', constant_values=padval)
H += pad
W += pad
grid = (imarray
.reshape(rows, cols, H, W, C)
.transpose(0, 2, 1, 3, 4)
.reshape(rows*H, cols*W, C))
if pad:
grid = grid[:-pad, :-pad]
return grid
def interleave(*args):
"""Interleaves input arrays of the same shape along the batch axis."""
if not args:
raise ValueError('At least one argument is required.')
a0 = args[0]
if any(a.shape != a0.shape for a in args):
raise ValueError('All inputs must have the same shape.')
if not a0.shape:
raise ValueError('Inputs must have at least one axis.')
out = np.transpose(args, [1, 0] + list(range(2, len(a0.shape) + 1)))
out = out.reshape(-1, *a0.shape[1:])
return out
def imshow(a, format='png', jpeg_fallback=True):
"""Displays an image in the given format."""
a = a.astype(np.uint8)
data = io.BytesIO()
PIL.Image.fromarray(a).save(data, format)
im_data = data.getvalue()
try:
disp = IPython.display.display(IPython.display.Image(im_data))
except IOError:
if jpeg_fallback and format != 'jpeg':
print ('Warning: image was too large to display in format "{}"; '
'trying jpeg instead.').format(format)
return imshow(a, format='jpeg')
else:
raise
return disp
def image_to_uint8(x):
"""Converts [-1, 1] float array to [0, 255] uint8."""
x = np.asarray(x)
x = (256. / 2.) * (x + 1.)
x = np.clip(x, 0, 255)
x = x.astype(np.uint8)
return x
加载 BigBiGAN TF Hub 模块并显示其可用功能
# module = hub.Module(module_path, trainable=True, tags={'train'}) # training
module = hub.Module(module_path) # inference
for signature in module.get_signature_names():
print('Signature:', signature)
print('Inputs:', pformat(module.get_input_info_dict(signature)))
print('Outputs:', pformat(module.get_output_info_dict(signature)))
print()
定义一个包装器类，以便方便地访问各种函数
class BigBiGAN(object):
def __init__(self, module):
"""Initialize a BigBiGAN from the given TF Hub module."""
self._module = module
def generate(self, z, upsample=False):
"""Run a batch of latents z through the generator to generate images.
Args:
z: A batch of 120D Gaussian latents, shape [N, 120].
Returns: a batch of generated RGB images, shape [N, 128, 128, 3], range
[-1, 1].
"""
outputs = self._module(z, signature='generate', as_dict=True)
return outputs['upsampled' if upsample else 'default']
def make_generator_ph(self):
"""Creates a tf.placeholder with the dtype & shape of generator inputs."""
info = self._module.get_input_info_dict('generate')['z']
return tf.placeholder(dtype=info.dtype, shape=info.get_shape())
def gen_pairs_for_disc(self, z):
"""Compute generator input pairs (G(z), z) for discriminator, given z.
Args:
z: A batch of latents (120D standard Gaussians), shape [N, 120].
Returns: a tuple (G(z), z) of discriminator inputs.
"""
# Downsample 256x256 image x for 128x128 discriminator input.
x = self.generate(z)
return x, z
def encode(self, x, return_all_features=False):
"""Run a batch of images x through the encoder.
Args:
x: A batch of data (256x256 RGB images), shape [N, 256, 256, 3], range
[-1, 1].
return_all_features: If True, return all features computed by the encoder.
Otherwise (default) just return a sample z_hat.
Returns: the sample z_hat of shape [N, 120] (or a dict of all features if
return_all_features).
"""
outputs = self._module(x, signature='encode', as_dict=True)
return outputs if return_all_features else outputs['z_sample']
def make_encoder_ph(self):
"""Creates a tf.placeholder with the dtype & shape of encoder inputs."""
info = self._module.get_input_info_dict('encode')['x']
return tf.placeholder(dtype=info.dtype, shape=info.get_shape())
def enc_pairs_for_disc(self, x):
"""Compute encoder input pairs (x, E(x)) for discriminator, given x.
Args:
x: A batch of data (256x256 RGB images), shape [N, 256, 256, 3], range
[-1, 1].
Returns: a tuple (downsample(x), E(x)) of discriminator inputs.
"""
# Downsample 256x256 image x for 128x128 discriminator input.
x_down = tf.nn.avg_pool(x, ksize=2, strides=2, padding='SAME')
z = self.encode(x)
return x_down, z
def discriminate(self, x, z):
"""Compute the discriminator scores for pairs of data (x, z).
(x, z) must be batches with the same leading batch dimension, and joint
scores are computed on corresponding pairs x[i] and z[i].
Args:
x: A batch of data (128x128 RGB images), shape [N, 128, 128, 3], range
[-1, 1].
z: A batch of latents (120D standard Gaussians), shape [N, 120].
Returns:
A dict of scores:
score_xz: the joint scores for the (x, z) pairs.
score_x: the unary scores for x only.
score_z: the unary scores for z only.
"""
inputs = dict(x=x, z=z)
return self._module(inputs, signature='discriminate', as_dict=True)
def reconstruct_x(self, x, use_sample=True, upsample=False):
"""Compute BigBiGAN reconstructions of images x via G(E(x)).
Args:
x: A batch of data (256x256 RGB images), shape [N, 256, 256, 3], range
[-1, 1].
use_sample: takes a sample z_hat ~ E(x). Otherwise, deterministically
use the mean. (Though a sample z_hat may be far from the mean z,
typically the resulting recons G(z_hat) and G(z) are very
similar.
upsample: if set, upsample the reconstruction to the input resolution
(256x256). Otherwise return the raw lower resolution generator output
(128x128).
Returns: a batch of recons G(E(x)), shape [N, 256, 256, 3] if
`upsample`, otherwise [N, 128, 128, 3].
"""
if use_sample:
z = self.encode(x)
else:
z = self.encode(x, return_all_features=True)['z_mean']
recons = self.generate(z, upsample=upsample)
return recons
def losses(self, x, z):
"""Compute per-module BigBiGAN losses given data & latent sample batches.
Args:
x: A batch of data (256x256 RGB images), shape [N, 256, 256, 3], range
[-1, 1].
z: A batch of latents (120D standard Gaussians), shape [M, 120].
For the original BigBiGAN losses, pass batches of size N=M=2048, with z's
sampled from a 120D standard Gaussian (e.g., np.random.randn(2048, 120)),
and x's sampled from the ImageNet (ILSVRC2012) training set with the
"ResNet-style" preprocessing from:
https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu/blob/master/models/official/resnet/resnet_preprocessing.py
Returns:
A dict of per-module losses:
disc: loss for the discriminator.
enc: loss for the encoder.
gen: loss for the generator.
"""
# Compute discriminator scores on (x, E(x)) pairs.
# Downsample 256x256 image x for 128x128 discriminator input.
scores_enc_x_dict = self.discriminate(*self.enc_pairs_for_disc(x))
scores_enc_x = tf.concat([scores_enc_x_dict['score_xz'],
scores_enc_x_dict['score_x'],
scores_enc_x_dict['score_z']], axis=0)
# Compute discriminator scores on (G(z), z) pairs.
scores_gen_z_dict = self.discriminate(*self.gen_pairs_for_disc(z))
scores_gen_z = tf.concat([scores_gen_z_dict['score_xz'],
scores_gen_z_dict['score_x'],
scores_gen_z_dict['score_z']], axis=0)
disc_loss_enc_x = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.relu(1. - scores_enc_x))
disc_loss_gen_z = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.relu(1. + scores_gen_z))
disc_loss = disc_loss_enc_x + disc_loss_gen_z
enc_loss = tf.reduce_mean(scores_enc_x)
gen_loss = tf.reduce_mean(-scores_gen_z)
return dict(disc=disc_loss, enc=enc_loss, gen=gen_loss)
创建稍后将用于计算样本、重建、鉴别器分数和损失的张量
bigbigan = BigBiGAN(module)
# Make input placeholders for x (`enc_ph`) and z (`gen_ph`).
enc_ph = bigbigan.make_encoder_ph()
gen_ph = bigbigan.make_generator_ph()
# Compute samples G(z) from encoder input z (`gen_ph`).
gen_samples = bigbigan.generate(gen_ph)
# Compute reconstructions G(E(x)) of encoder input x (`enc_ph`).
recon_x = bigbigan.reconstruct_x(enc_ph, upsample=True)
# Compute encoder features used for representation learning evaluations given
# encoder input x (`enc_ph`).
enc_features = bigbigan.encode(enc_ph, return_all_features=True)
# Compute discriminator scores for encoder pairs (x, E(x)) given x (`enc_ph`)
# and generator pairs (G(z), z) given z (`gen_ph`).
disc_scores_enc = bigbigan.discriminate(*bigbigan.enc_pairs_for_disc(enc_ph))
disc_scores_gen = bigbigan.discriminate(*bigbigan.gen_pairs_for_disc(gen_ph))
# Compute losses.
losses = bigbigan.losses(enc_ph, gen_ph)
创建 TensorFlow 会话并初始化变量
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
生成器样本
首先，我们将通过从标准高斯分布（通过 np.random.randn）中采样生成器输入 z 并显示其生成的图像，来可视化来自预训练 BigBiGAN 生成器的样本。到目前为止，我们还没有超出标准 GAN 的能力范围 - 我们只是在使用生成器（并忽略编码器）。
feed_dict = {gen_ph: np.random.randn(32, 120)}
_out_samples = sess.run(gen_samples, feed_dict=feed_dict)
print('samples shape:', _out_samples.shape)
imshow(imgrid(image_to_uint8(_out_samples), cols=4))
从 TF-Flowers 数据集中加载 test_images
BigBiGAN 在 ImageNet 上进行训练，但由于它太大而无法在此演示中使用，因此我们将较小的 TF-Flowers [1] 数据集用作可视化重建和计算编码器特征的输入。
在此单元格中，我们加载 TF-Flowers（如果需要，下载数据集）并将一批固定的 256x256 RGB 图像样本存储在 NumPy 数组 test_images 中。
[1] https://tensorflowcn.cn/datasets/catalog/tf_flowers
def get_flowers_data():
"""Returns a [32, 256, 256, 3] np.array of preprocessed TF-Flowers samples."""
import tensorflow_datasets as tfds
ds, info = tfds.load('tf_flowers', split='train', with_info=True)
# Just get the images themselves as we don't need labels for this demo.
ds = ds.map(lambda x: x['image'])
# Filter out small images (with minor edge length <256).
ds = ds.filter(lambda x: tf.reduce_min(tf.shape(x)[:2]) >= 256)
# Take the center square crop of the image and resize to 256x256.
def crop_and_resize(image):
imsize = tf.shape(image)[:2]
minor_edge = tf.reduce_min(imsize)
start = (imsize - minor_edge) // 2
stop = start + minor_edge
cropped_image = image[start[0] : stop[0], start[1] : stop[1]]
resized_image = tf.image.resize_bicubic([cropped_image], [256, 256])[0]
return resized_image
ds = ds.map(crop_and_resize)
# Convert images from [0, 255] uint8 to [-1, 1] float32.
ds = ds.map(lambda image: tf.cast(image, tf.float32) / (255. / 2.) - 1)
# Take the first 32 samples.
ds = ds.take(32)
return np.array(list(tfds.as_numpy(ds)))
test_images = get_flowers_data()
重建
现在，我们将通过将真实图像传递给编码器，然后传递回生成器，来可视化 BigBiGAN 重建，计算给定图像 x 的 G(E(x))。下面，输入图像 x 显示在左列，相应的重建显示在右列。
请注意，重建不是输入图像的像素完美匹配；相反，它们倾向于捕获输入的较高层语义内容，同时“忘记”大多数低层细节。这表明 BigBiGAN 编码器可能学会捕获我们希望在表示学习方法中看到的关于图像的较高层语义信息类型。
另请注意，256x256 输入图像的原始重建是在生成器生成的较低分辨率下 - 128x128。我们对其进行上采样以用于可视化目的。
test_images_batch = test_images[:16]
_out_recons = sess.run(recon_x, feed_dict={enc_ph: test_images_batch})
print('reconstructions shape:', _out_recons.shape)
inputs_and_recons = interleave(test_images_batch, _out_recons)
print('inputs_and_recons shape:', inputs_and_recons.shape)
imshow(imgrid(image_to_uint8(inputs_and_recons), cols=2))
编码器特征
现在我们将演示如何从用于标准表示学习评估的编码器中计算特征。
这些特征可用于线性或基于最近邻的分类器。我们包括全局平均池化后的标准特征（键 avepool_feat），以及用于实现最佳结果的较大“BN+CReLU”特征（键 bn_crelu_feat）。
_out_features = sess.run(enc_features, feed_dict={enc_ph: test_images_batch})
print('AvePool features shape:', _out_features['avepool_feat'].shape)
print('BN+CReLU features shape:', _out_features['bn_crelu_feat'].shape)
判别器得分和损失
最后，我们将计算编码器和生成器对批次的判别器得分和损失。这些损失可以传递给优化器以训练 BigBiGAN。
我们将上面的图像批次用作编码器输入 x，计算编码器得分 D(x, E(x))。对于生成器输入，我们通过 np.random.randn 从 120D 标准高斯分布中采样 z，计算生成器得分 D(G(z), z)。
判别器预测 (x, z) 对的联合得分 score_xz，以及分别针对 x 和 z 的一元得分 score_x 和 score_z。它经过训练，对编码器对给出高（正）得分，对生成器对给出低（负）得分。这在下面大部分情况下成立，尽管一元 score_z 在两种情况下都是负数，表明编码器输出 E(x) 类似于来自高斯分布的实际样本。
feed_dict = {enc_ph: test_images, gen_ph: np.random.randn(32, 120)}
_out_scores_enc, _out_scores_gen, _out_losses = sess.run(
[disc_scores_enc, disc_scores_gen, losses], feed_dict=feed_dict)
print('Encoder scores:', {k: v.mean() for k, v in _out_scores_enc.items()})
print('Generator scores:', {k: v.mean() for k, v in _out_scores_gen.items()})
print('Losses:', _out_losses)